Official name	City of Jeddah
Nickname	''The Bride of the Red Sea''
Native name	جدّة ''Jidda''
Settlement type	City
Flag link	Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia
Flag size	80px
Image shield	Coat of arms of Saudi Arabia.svg
Shield link	Coat of arms of Saudi Arabia
Shield size	40px
Map caption	Location of Jeddah
Subdivision type	Country
Subdivision name
Subdivision type1	Province
Subdivision name1	Makkah (Mecca)
Leader title	City Mayor
Leader name	Hani Abu Ras
Leader title1	City Governor
Leader name1	Mish'al Al-Saud
Leader title2	Provincial Governor
Leader name2	Khalid al Faisal
Established title	Established
Established date	From the 6th century BC
Established title2	Joint Saudi Arabia
Established date2	1925
Unit pref	Metric
Area km2	1570
Area metro km2	3000
Area urban km2	1500
Elevation m	12
Population note	Jeddah City estimate
Population as of	2008
Population total	3,234,000
Population density km2	2921
Population density sq mi	1826
Population urban	3,855,912
Population metro	4,500,000
Timezone	EAT
Utc offset	+3
Timezone dst	EAT
Utc offset dst	+3
Postal code type	Postal Code
Postal code	(5 digits)
Area code	+966-2
Website	Jeddah Municipality
Coordinates region	SA
Coordinates type	type:city
Coordinates display	inline,title }}

Jeddah, Jiddah, Jidda, or Jedda (, ''Jidda''; ) is a Saudi Arabian city located on the coast of the Red Sea and is the major urban center of western Saudi Arabia. It is the largest city in Makkah Province, the largest sea port on the Red Sea, and the second largest city in Saudi Arabia after the capital city, Riyadh. The population of the city currently stands at 3.2 million. It is an important commercial hub in Saudi Arabia.

Jeddah is the principal gateway to Mecca, Islam's holiest city, which able-bodied Muslims are required to visit at least once in their lifetime. It is also a gateway to Medina, the second holiest place in Islam.

Jeddah is one of the most cosmopolitan, diverse, and tolerant of all Saudi Arabian cities, hosting expatriates from all over the world who have made Jeddah their home. Economically, Jeddah is focussing on further developing capital investment in scientific and engineering leadership within Saudi Arabia, and the Middle East. Jeddah was independently ranked 4th in the Africa / Mid-East region in terms of innovation in 2009 in the Innovation Cities Index.

Regionally, Jeddah is a primary resort city of the country. Jeddah was named a second-tier beta world city, according to Globalization and World Cities Study Group and Network (GaWC).

Historically (and up until today), Jeddah has been well known for its legendary money changers. The largest of said money changers at the time (the late Sheikh Salem Bin Mahfouz) eventually founded Saudi Arabia's first bank, the National Commercial Bank (NCB). Other notable trading families that have greatly impacted Saudi Arabia include the Ba-eshen, Bajubair, Bajammal, Bakhashab, Bakhashwain, Ali-Reda, Bin Zagr, Bin Mahfouz, Bin Laden, and Kamel families, respectively.

Etymology and spelling

There are at least two explanations for the etymology of the name ''Jeddah'', according to Jeddah Ibn Helwaan Al-Qudaa'iy, the chief of the Quda'a clan. The more common account has it that the name is derived from جده ''Jaddah'', the Arabic word for "grandmother". According to eastern folk belief, the tomb of Eve (), considered the grandmother of humanity, is located in Jeddah. The Tomb was sealed with concrete by the religious authorities in 1975 as a result of some Muslims praying at the site.

Ibn Battuta(1304–1368), the Berber traveller, visited Jeddah during his world trip. He wrote the name of the city into his diary as "Juddah".

The British Foreign Office and other branches of the British government used to use the older spelling of "Jedda", contrary to other English-speaking usage, but in 2007 changed to the spelling "Jeddah".

T. E. Lawrence felt that any transcription of Arabic names into English was arbitrary. In his book ''Revolt in the Desert'', Jeddah is spelled three different ways on the first page alone.

On official Saudi maps and documents, the city name is transcribed "Jeddah", which is now the prevailing usage.

History

Pre-Islam

Excavations in the old city suggest that Jeddah was founded as a fishing hamlet in 500 BC by the Yemeni Quda'a tribe (بني قضاعة), who left central Yemen to settle in Makkah after the destruction of the Marib Dam in Yemen.

Other archaeological studies have shown that the area was settled earlier by people in the Stone Age, as some Thamudi scripts were excavated in Wadi Briman (وادي بريمان), west of the city, and Wadi Boweb (وادي بويب), northwest of the city. It was visited by Alexander The Great (356 BC - 323 BC).

Rashidun Caliphate

Jeddah first achieved prominence in 647 AD, when the third Muslim Caliph, Uthman Ibn Affan (عثمان بن عفان), turned it into a port for Muslim pilgrims making the required Hajj to Mecca.

Since then, Jeddah has been established as the main city of the historic Hejaz province and a historic port for pilgrims arriving by sea to perform their Hajj pilgrimage in Mecca. The city's strategic location as the gates of the Holy City and a port on the Red Sea has caused it to be conquered many times throughout its history.

Fatimid Caliphate

In the 969 AD the Fatimids from Algeria took control in Egypt from the Ikhshidid dynasty and expanded their empire to the surrounding regions, including Hejaz and Jeddah. The Fatimids developed an extensive trade network in both the Mediterranean and the Indian Ocean through the Red Sea. Their trade and diplomatic ties extended all the way to China and its Song Dynasty, which eventually determined the economic course of Hijaz during the High Middle Ages.

Ayyubid Empire

After Saladin's conquest of Jerusalem, in 1171 he proclaimed himself sultan of Egypt, after dissolving the Fatimid Caliphate upon the death of al-Adid, thus establishing the Ayyubid dynasty, which set conquests throughout the region. Hejaz—including Jeddah—became a part of the Ayyubid Empire in 1177 during the leadership of Sharif Ibn Abul-Hashim Al-Thalab (1094–1201). During their relatively short-lived tenure, the Ayyubids ushered in an era of economic prosperity in the lands they ruled and the facilities and patronage provided by the Ayyubids led to a resurgence in intellectual activity in the Islamic world. This period was also marked by an Ayyubid process of vigorously strengthening Sunni Muslim dominance in the region by constructing numerous ''madrasas'' (Islamic schools) in their major cities. Jeddah attracted Muslim sailors and merchants from Sindh, Southeast Asia and East Africa, and other distant regions.

Mamluk Sultanate

In 1254, following events in Cairo and the dissolution of the Ayyubid Empire, Hejaz became a part of the Mamluk Sultanate. The Portuguese explorer Vasco da Gama, having found his way around the Cape and obtained pilots from the coast of Zanzibar in 1497 CE, pushed his way across the Indian Ocean to the shores of Malabar and Calicut, attacked the fleets that carried freight and Muslim pilgrims from India to the Red Sea, and struck terror into the potentates all around. The Princes of Gujarat and Yemen turned for help to Egypt. Sultan Al-Ashraf Qansuh al-Ghawri accordingly fitted out a fleet of 50 vessels under his Admiral, Hussein the Kurd. Jeddah was soon fortified with forced labor as a harbor of refuge from the Portuguese, allowing Arabia and the Red Sea to be protected, parts of the city wall still survives today in the old city. Even though the Portuguese were successfully repelled from the city, the fleets in the Indian Ocean were at the mercy of the enemy. This was part of the Battle of Diu between the Portuguese and the Arab Mumluks. The Portuguese soldier's grave is still found within the old city today, and it is referred to as the Christian Graves.

Ottoman Empire

In 1517, the Ottoman Turks conquered the Mamluk Sultanate in Egypt and Syria, during the reign of Selim I. As territories of the Mamluk Sultanate, the Hejaz, including the holy city of Mecca and Jeddah, passed into Ottoman possession. The Ottomans rebuilt the weak walls of Jeddah in 1525 following their victory over Lopo Soares de Albergaria's Armada in the Red Sea. The new Turkish wall included six watchtowers and six city gates. They were constructed to defend against the Portuguese attack. Of the six gates, the Gate of Mecca was the eastern gate and the Gate of Al-Magharibah, facing the port, the western one. The Gate of Sharif faced south. The other gates were the Gate of Al-Bunt, Gate of Al-Sham (also called Gate of Al-Sharaf) and Gate of Medina, facing north. The Turks also built The Qishla of Jeddah, a small castle for the city soldiers. In the 19th century these seven gates were minimized into four giant gates with four towers. These giant gates were the Gate of Sham from the north, the Gate of Mecca from the east, the Gate of Sharif from the south, and the Gate of Al-Magharibah on the sea side.

Ahmed Al-Jazzar, the Ottoman military man mainly known for his role in the Siege of Acre, spent the earlier part of his career at Jeddah—where in 1750 he killed some seventy rioting nomads in retaliation for the killing of his commander, Abdullah Beg. It was this act which reportedly earned him the nickname "Jezzar" (butcher), which he carried for the rest of his life.

First Saudi State and Ottoman-Saudi War

In 1802, Nejdi forces conquered both Mecca and Jeddah from the Ottomans. When Sharif Ghalib Efendi informed Sultan Mahmud II of this, the Sultan ordered his Egyptian viceroy Muhammad Ali Pasha to retake the city. Muhammad Ali successfully regained the city in the Battle of Jeddah in 1813.

World War I and The Kingdom of Hejaz

During World War I, Sharif Hussein bin Ali declared a revolt against the Ottoman Empire, seeking independence from the Ottoman Turks and the creation of a single unified Arab state spanning from Aleppo in Syria to Aden in Yemen.

King Hussein declared the Kingdom of Hejaz. Later, Hussein was involved in war with Ibn Saud, who was the Sultan of Nejd. Hussein resigned following the fall of Mecca, in December 1924, and his son Ali bin Hussein became the new king of the remaining soil of the Kingdom of Hejaz today.

Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

A few months later, Ibn Saud, whose clan originated in the central Nejd province, conquered Medina and Jeddah via an agreement with Jeddans following the Second Battle of Jeddah. He deposed the Sharif of Hejaz, Ali bin Hussein, who fled to Baghdad, eventually settling in Amman, Jordan, where his descendants became part of its Hashemite royalty.

As a result, Jeddah came under the sway of the Al-Saud dynasty in December 1925. In 1926, Ibn Saud added the title King of Hejaz to his position of Sultan of Nejd. Today, Jeddah has lost its historical role in peninsular politics, since the historic Hejaz province along the west coast has been subdivided into smaller provinces, and Jeddah falls within the new province of Makkah, whose provincial capital is the city of Mecca.

From 1928 to 1932, the new Khuzam Palace was built as the new residence of King Abdul Aziz in Jeddah. The palace lies south of the old walled city and was constructed under the supervision of the engineer Muhammad bin Laden. After 1963 the palace was used as a royal guest house; since 1995 it has housed the Regional Museum of Archaeology and Ethnography.

What was left of the walls and gates of the old city was taken down in 1947. A fire in 1982 destroyed some ancient buildings in the old town center, called Al-Balad, but much is still preserved despite the commercial interest to tear down old houses (Naseef House, Gabil House) and build modern high-rise buildings. A house-by-house survey of the old districts was made in 1979, showing that some 1000 traditional buildings still existed, though the number of structures with great historic value was far less. In 1990 a Jeddah Historical Area Preservation Department was founded.

The modern city has expanded wildly beyond its old boundaries. The built-up area expanded mainly to the north along the Red Sea coastline, reaching the new airport during the 1990s and since edging its way around it toward the Ob'hur Creek some 27 kilometers from the old city center.

Geography

Most of Saudi Arabia is desert. The central region consists of an eroded plateau, mostly arid and hot in the summer and cold in the winter. The western region is mountainous except on the coastal plain bordering the Red Sea, which includes the Jeddah area.

Jeddah borders the Red Sea from the west and the Al-Sarawat Mountains from the east. It has no rivers or valleys but it includes Sharm Ob'hur, which connects the Red Sea to the other end of the city. The Sharm of Salman (also called the Gulf of Salman) borders the city from north.

Climate

Jeddah features an arid climate under Koppen's climate classification. Unlike other Saudi Arabian cities, Jeddah retains its warm temperature in winter, which can range from at midnight to in the afternoon. Summer temperatures are very hot, often breaking the mark in the afternoon and dropping to in the evening. Rainfall in Jeddah is generally sparse, and usually occurs in small amounts in December. There have also been several notable incidents of hail. Heavy thunderstorms are common in winter. The thunderstorm of December 2008 was the largest in recent memory, with rain reaching around . The lowest temperature ever recorded in Jeddah was in the winter of 1995.

Some unusual events often happen during the year, such as dust storms in summer and sometimes in winter, coming from the Arabian Peninsula's deserts or from North Africa.

Pollution and environment

Air pollution is an issue for Jeddah, particularly on hot summer days. The city has experienced bush fires, landfill fires, and pollution from the two industrial zones in the north and the south of Jeddah.

The water treatment factory and the seaport contribute to water pollution. However, the coast of the city can be considered safe and of relatively clean quality.

Economy

Historically, and due to its proximity to the Red Sea, Jeddah functioned as a port city. Even before being designated port city for Mecca, the city of Jeddah had rooted itself in the local economy as an integral trading hub for the region. In the 19th century goods such as mother-of-pearl, tortoise shells, frankincense and various other spices and items were routinely exported from the city. Apart from this, many imports into the city were destined for further export to the Suez, Africa, or the European continent. As a result of this "re-export" of goods, many items exported from Jeddah were things that could not even be found in the city or even in Arabia.

The city's geographical location places it at the heart of the region covered by the Middle East and North Africa, with all their capitals within two hours flying distance, defining Jeddah as the second commercial center of the Middle East after Dubai.

Also, Jeddah's industrial district is the fourth largest industrial city in Saudi Arabia after Riyadh, Jubail and Yanbu.

King Abdullah Street

King Abdullah Street is one of the most important streets in Jeddah that starts at King Fahd road by the waterfront in the west of Jeddah and ends all the way at the eastern end of the city. It is famous for hosting numerous corporate offices and commercial developments. Due to the economic boom in this region, there is a central business district planned, which would be one of the biggest CBDs in the Middle East.

Tahlia Street

Tahlia Street is an important fashion and shopping street in the mid-town of Jeddah. It contains many upscale department shops and boutiques, such as Dolce & Gabbana, Gucci, Burberry, Chanel, Giorgio Armani, Versace, Massimo Dutti, Tod's, and many more. It has been renamed to " Prince Mohammad bin Abdul Aziz Road".

Major organizations headquartered in Jeddah

The city serves as headquarters for several global and major organizations, including:

Saudi Geological Survey

Saudi Arabian Airlines

Organisation of Islamic Cooperation

Islamic Development Bank

Jeddah Economic Forum

Saudi Arabia's Human Rights Organization

Jeddah Chamber of Commerce & Industry

Jeddah Marketing Board

International Association of Islamic Banks

International Islamic News Agency

Islamic Shipowners Association

Islamic States Broadcasting Organization

The National Commercial Bank

Demographics

Popular Saudi and foreign opinion regards Jeddah as the most liberal and cosmopolitan of Saudi cities due to its historic role as port and gateway to the holy city of Mecca. For over one thousand years, Jeddah has received millions of pilgrims of different ethnicities and backgrounds, from Africa, Central Asia, Russia, Southeast Asia, Europe and the Middle East, some of whom remained and became residents of the city. As a result, Jeddah is much more ethnically diverse than most Saudi cities and its culture more eclectic in nature (in contrast with the more geographically isolated and religiously strict capital, Riyadh). In comparison with other cities of Saudi Arabia, women have greater freedom of movement here; they are not required to wear a veil in public, and religious police are less active here. The oil boom of the past 50 years has brought hundreds of thousands of working immigrants and foreign workers from non-Muslim countries, including a significant number from South Asia, adding to the city's ethnic diversity.

Districts

There are in total 135 districts comprising metropolitan Jeddah which, transliterated from Arabic, are listed below in alphabetical order:

:1. Al-Murjan :2. Al-Basateen :3. Al-Mohamadiya :4. Ash-Shati :5. An-Nahda :6. An-Naeem :7. An-Nozha :8. Az-Zahraa :9. As-Salamah :10. Al-Bawadi :11. Ar-Rabwa :12. As-Safa :13. Al-Khalidiya :14. Ar-Rawdha :15. Al-Faysaliya :16. Al-Andalus :17. Al-Aziziya :18. Ar-Rihab :19. Al-Hamraa :20. Al-Mosharafa :21. Ar-Roweis :22. Ash-Sharafiya :23. Bani Malik :24. Al-Woroud :25. An-Naseem :26. Al-Baghdadiya Ash-Sharqiya :27. Al-Amariya :28. Al-Hindawiya :29. As-Saheifa :30. Al-Kandra :31. As-Sulaimaniya :32. Al-Thaalba :33. As-Sabeel :34. Al-Qurayat :35. Gholail :36. An-Nozla Al-Yamaniya :37. Al-Nozla Ash-Sharqiya :38. Al-Taghr :39. Al-Jamaa :40. Madayin Al-Fahad :41. Ar-Rawabi :42. Al-Wazeeriya :43. Petromin :44. Al-Mahjar :45. Prince Abdel Majeed :46. Obhour Al-Janobiya :47. Al-Marwa :48. AL-Fayhaa :49. King Abdul Al-Aziz University :50. Al-Baghdadiya Al-Gharbiya :51. Al-Balad :52. Al-Ajwad :53. Al-Manar :54. As-Samer :55. Abruq Ar-Roghama :56. Madinat As-Sultan :57. Um Hablain :58. Al-Hamdaniya :59. Al-Salhiya :60. Mokhatat Al-Aziziya :61. Mokhatat Shamal Al-Matar :62. Mokhatat Ar-Riyadh :63. Mokhatat Al-Huda :64. Braiman :65. Al-Salam :66. Al-Mostawdaat :67. Al-Montazahat :68. Kilo 14 :69. Al-Harazat :70. Um As-Salam :71. Mokhtat Zahrat Ash-Shamal :72. Al-Majid :73. Gowieza :74. Al-Gozain :75. Al-Kuwait :76. Al-Mahrogat :77. Al-Masfa :78. Al-Matar Al-Gadeem (old airport) :79. Al-Bokhariya :80. An-Nour :81. Bab Shareif :82. Bab Makkah :83. Bahra :84. Al-Amir Fawaz :85. Wadi Fatma :86. Obhour Shamaliya :87. At-Tarhil (deportation) :88. Al-Iskan Al-janoubi :89. At-Tawfeeq :90. Al-Goaid :91. Al-Jawhara :92. Al-Jamoum :93. Al-Khumra :94. Ad-Difaa Al-Jawi (Air Defense) :95. Ad-Dageeg :96. Ar-Robou :97. Ar-Rabie :98. Ar-Rehaily :99. As-Salmiya :100. As-Sanabil :101. As-Sinaiya (Bawadi) :102. Industrial City (Mahjar) :103. Al-Adl :104. Al-Olayia :105. Al-Faihaa :106. Al-Karanteena :107. Al-Ajaweed :108. Al-Ahmadiya :109. Al-Mosadiya :110. East Al-Khat As-Sarei :111. Kilo 10 :112. King Faisal Navy Base :113. Kilo 7 :114. Kilo 3 :115. King Faisal Guard City :116. Kilo 11 :117. Thowal :118. Kilo 13 :119. Al-Makarona :120. Al-Layth :121. Al-Gonfoda :122. Rabegh :123. Kilo 8 :124. Kilo 5 :125. Kilo 2 :126. Al-Mokhwa :127. National Guard Residence :128. As-Showag :129. Air Defense Residence :130. Al-Morsalat :131. Ash-Shoola :132. Al-Corniche :133. Al-Waha :134. Mokhatat Al-Haramain :135. Kholais

Culture

Religious significance

All citizens are Muslim, with most Saudi citizens are Sunni Muslims. The Government, Courts, Civil and Criminal law enforce a moral code established by the conservative Wahhabi branch of Sunni Islam. A minority of Saudi citizens are Shia Muslims, and there is also a large foreign workforce who must follow their non-Islamic religion in a private manner.

The city has over 1,300 mosques, and the law does not allow for other religions to erect faith based buildings or to express their faith publicly. Religious books, icons and other materials not of the Islam faith are also banned. However, private religious observance, which does not involve Muslims or offend public order or morality are sometimes tolerated.

Since the 7th century, Jeddah has hosted millions of Muslim pilgrims from all over the world on their way to Hajj. This merge with pilgrims has a major impact on the society, religion, and economy of Jeddah. It also brings an annual risk of illness, known by locals as the 'hajji disease', a general term for various viral maladies.

In keeping with traditional Sharia) law, any involvement with alcohol, pork products or any illegal drugs, especially narcotics, is punished severely. Dating and public displays of affection are culturally taboo and all sexual activity outside of a lawful marriage, such as adultery, fornication, cross-dressing and homosexuality, are prohibited. Men and women must wear appropriate clothing that is not too risque or revealing.

All business activities and markets are closed five times a day, during prayer time, which lasts for about 20 minutes. Seating in restaurants and other public buildings is segregated, with one area for single men and another section for single women and families.

Cultural projects and foundations with a branch in Jeddah

Encyclopaedia of Makkah and Madinah

Saqifat al-Safa Trust

Cuisine

Jeddah residents are a mix of several different ethnicities and nationalities. This mixture of races has had a major impact on Jeddah's traditional cuisine and Jeddah restaurants.

As in other Saudi cities, the Nejdi dish Kabsa is popular among the people of Jeddah, often made with chicken instead of lamb meat. The Yemeni dish Mandi is also popular as a lunch meal. Hijazi cuisine is popular as well and dishes like Mabshoor, Mitabbak, Foul, Areika, Hareisa, Kabab Meiroo, Shorabah Hareira (Hareira soup), Migalgal, Madhbi (chicken grilled on stone), Madfun (literally meaning "buried"), Magloobah, Kibdah, Manzalah (usually eaten at Eid ul-Fitr), Ma'asoob, Magliya (a Hijazi version of falafel), Saleeig (a Hijazi dish made of milk rice), hummus, Biryani, Ruz Kabli, Ruz Bukhari, and Saiyadyia can be acquired in many traditional restaurants around the city, such as Althamrat, Abo-Zaid, Al-Quarmooshi, Ayaz, and Hejaziyat.

Grilled meat dishes such as shawarma, kofta and kebab have a good market in Jeddah. During Ramadan, sambousak and ful are the most popular meals during dusk. These meals are found in Lebanese, Syrian, and Turkish restaurants.

International food is popular in the city. American chains such as McDonald's, Burger King, Domino's Pizza and KFC are widely distributed in Jeddah, as are more upscale chains like Fuddruckers and Chili's. Indian, Chinese, Japanese, and other Asian foods are also popular. Italian, French, and other European restaurants are found throughout the city. India gate is a popular Indian restaurant

The local fast food chain Al Baik remains the pioneer though. It has served the population of Jeddah and the neighbouring cities of Makkah, Madinah and Yanbu for a couple of decades now and nobody in the market has been able to compete with it. Their main cuisine is fried chicken, commonly known by Jeddans as Brost, and a variety of seafood. Another popular fast-food chain is Hot and Crispy, an Arabic franchise. They are most popular for their amazingly spiced curly fries.

Other local fast food restaurants have sprung up, like Al Tazaj, which serves seasoned grilled chicken (called Farooj) and a side of Tahina with onion and spices. Foulameez serves Foul and Tameez as fast food; Kudu and Herfy serve Western fast food; Halawani serves local variants of Shawerma; and Shawermatak has pioneered drive-through sales of Shawerma.

Open-air art

During the oil boom in the late 1970s and 1980s, there was a focused civic effort to bring art to Jeddah's public areas. As a result, Jeddah contains a large number of modern open-air sculptures and works of art, typically situated in roundabouts, making the city one of the largest open-air art galleries in the world. Sculptures include works by a variety of artists, ranging from the obscure to international stars such as Jean/Hans Arp, César Baldaccini, Alexander Calder, Henry Moore, Joan Miró and Victor Vasarely. They often depict elements of traditional Saudi culture: coffee pots, incense burners, palm trees, etc. The fact that Islamic tradition prohibits the depiction of living creatures, notably the human form, has made for some very creative modern art, ranging from the tasteful to the bizarre and downright hideous. These include a mounted defunct propeller plane, a giant geometry set, a giant bicycle, and a huge block of concrete with several cars protruding from it at odd angles.

Museums and collections

There may be about a dozen museums or collections in Jeddah, with a wide variety of educational aim and professionalism. Some of these are the Jeddah Regional Museum of Archaeology and Ethnography run by the Deputy Ministry of Antiquities and Museums, the Jeddah Municipal Museum, the Naseef House, the private Abdul Rauf Hasan Khalil Museum and the private Arts Heritage Museum.

Media

Jeddah is served by four major Arabic-language newspapers, ''Asharq Al-Awsat'', ''Al-Madina'', ''Okaz'', and ''Al-Bilad'', as well as two major English-language newspapers, the ''Saudi Gazette'' and ''Arab News''. ''Okaz'' and ''Al-Madina'' are the primary newspapers of Jeddah and some other Saudi cities, with over a million readers; they focus mainly on issues that affect the city.

''Destination Jeddah'' is a monthly magazine directed at locals, new residents, incoming visitors, religious tourists, and the developing tourism business sector. The magazine serves as a guide to the city's sights and attractions, restaurants, shopping and entertainment.

Jeddah represents the largest radio and television market in Saudi Arabia. Television stations serving the city area include Saudi TV1, Saudi TV2, Saudi TV Sports, Al Ekhbariya, the ART channels network and hundreds of cable, satellite and other specialty television providers.

The Jeddah TV Tower is a high television tower with an observation deck. The tower started construction in 2006 and was finished in 2007; it is a part of the Ministry of Information in Jeddah.

Sport

Jeddah hosts the oldest sport clubs in Saudi Arabia. Al-Ittihad was the first club in the country, established in 1927.

Football is the most popular sport in Jeddah. Al-Ittihad and Al-Ahli are well-known football clubs. They are major competitors in both the Saudi Premier League and the AFC Champions League. Al-Ittihad won the FIBA Asia Champions Cup.

There are several public football stadiums in Jeddah:

Prince Abdullah al-Faisal Stadium

Prince Sultan bin Fahd Stadium

KAU Stadium

Air-Defense Forces Stadium

Schools League Stadium

King Abdullah Stadium (under construction)

Jeddah Also is home to Saudi Arabia's leading Rugby club started and developed since 1979 mainly run by a group of expat mambers of the local community over the years. The club has taken part in both regional and international matches and incites players from Jeddah to come and play. The last five years has shown a heavier interest from Saudi nationals who have also begun to bring rise to some local talents that could one day be the champions of the middle East. Get more information from www.ksarugby.com is the official Saudi Arabian rugby website and home to the Saudi rugby Center who are a cornerstone the future of Saudi Arabian rugby.

Accent

The Jeddah City area has a distinctive regional speech pattern called the Hejazi dialect, alternatively known as Meccan or Makkawi. It is often considered to be one of the most recognizable accents within the Arabic language.

Pronunciations in Hejazi differ from other Gulf dialects in some respects. The Classical Arabic qaaf (ق) is pronounced as in "get". Hijazi Arabic is also conservative with respect to the sound of the pronunciation of the letter ğim (ج), which is very close to the two sounds considered, by specialists, to be the best candidates for the way it was pronounced in Classical Arabic—namely, and . This stands in contrast with many dialects in the region, which use or for ğim instead. Some speakers replace the with or .

Life

Life in Jeddah is different from many cities in Saudi Arabia. Jeddah is a cosmopolitan city, more so than any other city in the country; it has many people coming from all over the world, who share their cultures. It also has many historical buildings with traditional designs, and it has numerous buildings near the beach. The city has very nice beaches and a corniche where people like to spend time and relax. Jeddah has the highest fountain in the world, named King Fahd's Fountain. During the annual Jeddah Festival, many games and activities are held in the city. There are shopping sprees, water skiing competitions, art exhibitions, and music festivals. Jeddah markets are known for their reasonable prices. One of the most famous shopping districts in Jeddah is Tahlia Street.

Cityscape

Old Jeddah

The Old City with its traditional multistory buildings and merchant houses has lost ground to more modern developments. Nonetheless, the Old City continues to shape the identity of the Saudi culture, preserving such areas as the old heritage buildings

Resorts

The city has many popular resorts, including Durrat Al-Arus, Al-Nawras Movenpick resort at the Red Sea Corniche, Crystal Resort, The Signature Al Murjan Beach Resort, Al Nakheel Village, Sands, and Sheraton Abhur. Many are renowned for their preserved Red Sea marine life and offshore coral reefs.

Hotels

The increasing occupancy rates of hotels every year depends on the number of tourists and hajj pilgrims. In the last few years, Jeddah received more than 2.5 millions pilgrims per year.

Consulates

One of three consulates of the United States of America in Saudi Arabia is located in Jeddah, along with consulates for 67 other countries such as the United Kingdom, France, Germany, Greece, Turkey, Philippines, India, Pakistan, Italy, Russia and People's Republic of China, as well as countries of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation and the Arab League states.

Landmarks

King Fahd's Fountain Jeddah's King Fahd's Fountain is a major landmark built in the 1980s and listed by the Guinness World Records organization as the highest water jet in the world at . It can be seen from a great distance. The fountain was donated to the City of Jeddah by the late King Fahd bin Abdul Aziz, after whom it was named.

NCB Tower Built in 1983 and believed to be the highest tower in Saudi Arabia during the 1980s, with a height of over , the National Commercial Bank was Saudi Arabia's first bank.

IDB Tower The Islamic Development Bank is a multilateral development financing institution. It was founded by the first conference of Finance Ministers of the Organisation of the Islamic Conference (OIC, now the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation), convened 18 December 1973. The bank officially began its activities on 20 October 1975.

Jeddah Municipality Tower This is the headquarters of the metropolitan area of Jeddah. The new building of the Municipality is one of Jeddah's highest towers.

Mile-High Tower A proposed tower to be built in Jeddah by Prince Al-Waleed bin Talal is the Mile-High Tower, or Kingdom Tower, that will stand into the air. Upon its completion, this would make this skyscraper the tallest in the world and yet another addition to Jeddah's many landmarks.

Education

, Jeddah had 849 public and private schools for male students and another 1,179 public and private schools for female students. The medium of instruction in both public and private schools is typically Arabic, with emphasis on English as a second language. However, some private schools administered by foreign entities use the English language as the medium of instruction.

For higher education, the city has several universities and colleges, including the following:

King Abdulaziz University

King Abdullah University of Science and Technology

Arab Open University

Dar Al-Hekma College

Effat University

College of Business Administration (CBA)

Teacher's College

Jeddah College of Technology

Jeddah Private College

College of Health Care

College of Telecom & Electronics

College of Community

Private College of Business

Ibn Sina National College for Medical Studies

Batterjee Medical College

Prince Sultan College of Tourism

Prince Sultan Aviation Academy

Islamic Fiqh Academy

Jeddah Institute for Speech and Hearing

Saudi German Institute for Nursing

Health Manpower Training Institutes Group

Saudi Japanese Automobile High Institute

Transport

Airport

Jeddah is served by King Abdulaziz International Airport. The airport has four passenger terminals. One is the Hajj Terminal, a special outdoor terminal covered by enormous white tents, which was constructed to handle the more than two million pilgrims who pass through the airport during the Hajj season. The Southern Terminal is used for Saudi Airlines flights, while the Northern Terminal serves foreign and other national airlines. A new plan for the extension of airport is being laid. The Royal Terminal is a special terminal reserved for VIPs, foreign kings and presidents, and the Saudi Royal Family. A portion of the airport was used by Coalition B-52 heavy bombers during Operation Desert Storm in 1991.

Seaport

The Jeddah Seaport is the 32nd busiest seaport in the world . It handles the majority of Saudi Arabia's commercial movement.

Roads and rails

Jeddah does not have any rapid transit system, but a rail system connecting the city to Riyadh is now under construction. The Haramain High Speed Rail Project will provide a high-speed rail connection to Mecca and Medina.

Modern streets connect the different areas of the city to each other. Jeddah's main highways run parallel to each other.

Issues and challenges

Today, the city faces many challenges and issues, such as weak sewage systems, heavy traffic, epidemics, water shortage, and pollution issues.

Traffic While the congested traffic is cause for concern in Jeddah, the Saudi Gazette reports that there is a plan in the works to tackle the traffic issue. A reported 3 billion Saudi Riyals will be put into constructing flyovers and underpasses in an effort to reduce traffic. The plan is scheduled to take about five years from its start to finish.

Sewage Prior to the construction of a waste treatment plant, Jeddah's waste water was disposed of by either discharge into the sea or via absorption into deep underground pits. As the city grew a proper waste management plant was created and the built up part of the city was connected with a sewer system by the 1970s. However, even with the ever increasing population, there has not been much development to this original sewer system. The original plant cannot cope amount of waste inundating it daily. As a result, some untreated sewage is discharged directly into the sea and the entire northern part of the city remains unconnected to the sewage system at all, instead relying on septic tanks.

2009 Jeddah floods

On 25 November 2009, heavy floods affected the city and other areas of Makkah Province. The floods were described by civil defence officials as the worst in 27 years. , 77 people were reported to have been killed, and more than 350 were missing. Some roads were under a metre (three feet) of water on 26 November, and many of the victims were believed to have drowned in their cars. At least 3,000 vehicles were swept away or damaged. The death toll was expected to rise as flood waters receded, allowing rescuers to reach stranded vehicles.

2011 Jeddah floods

On 26 January 2011, heavy floods affected the city and other areas of Makkah Province. The cumulative rainfall exceeded the 90 mm recorded in four hours during the 25 November 2009 flash floods. Streets including Palestine Street, Madinah Road and Wali Al-Ahad Street were either flooded or jammed with traffic. Cars were seen floating in some places. Meanwhile, eyewitnesses told local newspaper ''Arab News'' that East Jeddah was swamped and floodwater was rushing west towards the Red Sea, turning streets into rivers once again.

Sister cities

Jeddah has 25 sister cities (aka "twin towns") which are selected based on economic, cultural and political criteria.

Jakarta, Surabaya, Indonesia Johor Bahru, Malaysia Kuching, Malaysia Karachi, Pakistan Kazan, Russia Marbella, Spain Mary, Turkmenistan Odessa, Ukraine Osh, Kyrgyzstan Plovdiv, Bulgaria Shimonoseki, Japan Saint Petersburg, Russia Strasbourg, France Stuttgart, Germany Taipei, Taiwan Xi'an, People's Republic of China Oran, Algeria

See also

List of cities and towns in Saudi Arabia

List of deep-water ports

Notes

References

Farsi, Hani M.S. (Mohamed Said). ''Jeddah: city of art: the sculptures and monuments.'' London: Stacey International, 1991. ISBN 0-905743-66-0

Facey, William & Grant, Gillian. ''Saudi Arabia by the First Photographers''. ISBN 0-905743-74-1

Tarabulsi, Mohammed Yosuf. ''Jeddah: A Story of a City''. Riyadh: King Fahd National Library, 2006. ISBN 9960-52-413-2

John F. Keane. ''Six months in the Hijaz : journeys to Makkah and Madinah 1877-1989''. Manchester: Barzan Publishing, 2006. ISBN 0-9549701-1-X

Al-Khaldi, Ibrahim. ''The Bedouin Photographer'' - ''Al-Mosawwir Al-Badawi''. Kuwait, 2004.

Badr El-Hage. ''Saudi Arabia : caught in time 1861-1939''. Published by Garnet, Reading, 1997. ISBN 1-85964-090-7

Captain G. S. Froster. ''A trip Across the Peninsula - Rehla Abr Al-Jazeera''. Mombai, India, 1866.

''From Bullard to Mr Chamberlain''. Jeddah, 1925 Feb. (No.# secrets) - Archived Post.

Al-Rehani. ''Nejd and Its Followers''.

Al-Turki, Thuraya. ''Jeddah: Um Al-Rakha wal Sheddah''. Published by Dar Al-Shrooq.

Al-Harbi, Dalal. ''King Abdulaziz and his Strategies to deal with events : Events of Jeddah''. King Abdulaziz National Library, 2003. ISBN 9960-624-88-9

Didier, Charles. ''Séjour Chez Le Grand-Cherif De La Mekke''. Librairie De L. Hachette et, Rue Pierre.

Didier, Charles. ''Rehla Ela Al-Hejaz: A trip to Hejaz''. Translated from "Séjour Chez Le Grand-Cherif De La Mekke" into Arabic. Paris, 1854. ISBN 9960-677-14-1

External links

Municipality of Jeddah Official municipality website (in Arabic)

Principality of Jeddah Official Jeddah principality website (in Arabic)

City of Jeddah Official website (in English)

Interactive Jeddah Map from Jeddah Municipality (Official)

Category:Cities in the Ottoman Empire Category:Geography of Saudi Arabia Category:Populated coastal places in Saudi Arabia Category:Populated places established in the 6th century BC Category:Populated places in Makkah Province Category:Populated places in Saudi Arabia Category:Port cities in the Arabian Peninsula Category:Port cities and towns in Saudi Arabia Category:Red Sea Category:Underwater diving sites

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Farman Ali is a senior journalist and political worker.

He lives in Islamabad, working as the Edition-in-Charge/news editor of Islamabad Metropolitan of ''Dawn'', the most prestigious English language daily newspaper of Pakistan. Previously he has worked with the daily ''Business Recorder'', the daily ''Financial Post'' and Dawn in Karachi for more than fifteen years. Despite working with the major English language newspapers in Karachi, he also contributed a lion’s share in the Urdu language magazines: ''Tullo-e-Karakorum'', ''Yull'', ''Sha’oor'', ''Naya Samaj'' and ''Peace & Justice''. In 1992, he launched an Urdu language monthly magazine ''Boloristan'' from Karachi. This magazine was for the deprived people of Gilgit-Diamer and it proved to be a trendsetter. Those who worked with this magazine are now either having their own magazines/newspapers or working with the leading media organizations of the country.

Farman has been worked actively with the Pakistan Federal Union of Journalists (PFUJ) and Rawalpindi/Islamabad Union of Journalists (RIUJ). He was fascinated by the leftist political ideology from the very beginning. The breakdown of the USSR has not brougt any change in his communist ideology 15 years later.

Farman Ali was born on June 7, 1960, in Shimshal, a village in Gojal, the Northern Areas of Pakistan. After primary school in his native village, he moved to Gulmit, the Tehsil Headquarter of Gojal after two years he moved to Gilgit to do his matric education and then to Karachi.

Category:1960 births Category:Pakistani journalists Category:Living people Category:People from Islamabad

Name	Sir Stirling Moss
Nationality	British
Birth date	September 17, 1929
Years	1951 – 1961
Team(s)	Mercedes-Benz, Maserati, Vanwall, Rob Walker Cooper, Lotus & HWM
Races	67 (66 starts)
Championships	0
Wins	16
Podiums	24
Points	185.64 (186.64)
Poles	16
Fastest laps	19
First race	1951 Swiss Grand Prix
First win	1955 British Grand Prix
Last win	1961 German Grand Prix
Last race	1961 United States Grand Prix }}

Sir Stirling Craufurd Moss, OBE FIE (Fellow of the Institute of Engineers) (born 17 September 1929 in London) is a former racing driver from England. His success in a variety of categories placed him among the world's elite—he is often called "the greatest driver never to win the World Championship".

Education

Moss was educated at two independent schools: at Clewer Manor Junior School, a preparatory school linked to the senior school Haileybury and Imperial Service College, and then to the senior school, both of which were for boys (but are now co-educational), and located at Hertford Heath, near Hertford in Hertfordshire.

Racing career

Moss, who raced from 1948 to 1962, won 212 of the 529 races he entered, including 16 Formula One Grands Prix. He would compete in as many as 62 races in a single year and drove 84 different makes of car over the course of his racing career, including Lotus, Vanwall, Maserati, Jaguar, Ferrari and Porsche. Like many drivers of the era, he competed in several formulae—very often on the same day.

He retired in 1962 after a crash left him in a coma for a month as afterwards he felt unable to continue driving at a professional level. In spite of this early retirement he has remained a well known figure.

Moss is the son of Alfred Moss, who was placed 14th at the 1924 Indianapolis 500 in a "Fronty" Ford and Aileen (née Craufurd). His younger sister, Pat Moss, also took part in rallying; her widower is rally driver Erik Carlsson. Moss was one of the first customers of the Cooper Car Company when he persuaded his father, Alfred Moss, to get him one of the new Cooper 500 cars. He quickly demonstrated his ability with numerous wins, at national and international level, and continued to compete in Formula Three, both in Coopers and Kieft cars long after graduating to the senior categories.

Moss was a pioneer in the British Formula One racing scene and placed second in the Drivers' Championship four times in a row from 1955 to 1958.

Moss was also a competent rally driver and is one of only two people to have won a Gold Cup (three consecutive penalty-free runs) on the Alpine Rally. In addition, he finished second in the 1952 Monte Carlo Rally driving a Sunbeam-Talbot 90 with co-driver John Cooper. Cooper ran Moss in Formula One later in his career.

In 1954, he became the first foreign driver to win the 12 Hours of Sebring in a Cunningham, co-driving with American Bill Lloyd.

Moss's first Formula One win was in 1955 at his home race, the British Grand Prix at Aintree. His Mercedes-Benz W196 led home a 1-2-3-4 win for the German marque. This victory made Moss the first British driver to win the British Grand Prix. It was the first race where he finished in front of Juan Manuel Fangio, his teammate, friend, mentor, and arch rival at Mercedes. It is sometimes debated whether Fangio, one of the all-time great gentlemen of sport, yielded the lead at the last corner to let Moss win in front of his home crowd. Moss himself asked Fangio repeatedly, "Did you let me win?" and Fangio always replied, "No. You were just better than me that day."

One of his best remembered drives was in the 1955 Mille Miglia, which he won in the record time of 10 hours 7 minutes 48 seconds, finishing almost half an hour ahead of teammate Fangio in second place. Moss' navigator in the Mercedes-Benz 300 SLR #722 (indicating the time of the start) was journalist Denis Jenkinson. As navigator, Jenkinson supported Moss with pace notes in the form of a Roller Map, which listed all the details of the long road trip, then an innovative technique. This assistance helped Moss compete against drivers who had a lot of local knowledge of the route. Jenkinson later wrote extensively about the experience.

In 1957 Moss won on the longest circuit to ever hold a Grand Prix, the daunting Pescara Circuit, again demonstrating his skills at high speed, long distance driving. He beat Fangio, who started on pole, by a little over 3 minutes over the course of a gruelling 3 hour event.

Moss believed the manner in which the battle was fought was as important as the outcome. This sporting attitude cost him the 1958 Formula 1 World Championship. When rival Mike Hawthorn was threatened with a penalty in the Boavista Urban Circuit in Porto, Portugal, Moss defended Hawthorn's actions to race stewards contemplating a penalty to Hawthorn. Hawthorn was accused of reversing in the track after spinning and stalling his car on an uphill section of the track. Moss himself shouted the suggestion to Hawthorn that he steer downhill, against traffic, to bump-start the car, which Hawthorn did. Moss's quick thinking and then gracious defence of Hawthorn before the stewards saw Hawthorn's 6 points for his second-place finish (behind Moss) preserved. Hawthorn went on to beat Moss for the title by one point, even though he won only one race that year to Moss's four, making Hawthorn Britain's first World Champion.

Moss was as gifted at the wheel of a sports car as he was in a Grand Prix car. For three consecutive years (1958–1960) he won the gruelling race at Germany's Nürburgring, the first two years in an Aston Martin (where he won almost single-handedly) and the third in the memorable ''Tipo'' 61 "birdcage" Maserati, co-driving with young American prospect Dan Gurney.

In the 1960 Formula One season, Moss took the top step of the podium at Monaco, winning in Rob Walker's Coventry-Climax-powered Lotus 18. Moss had a huge accident at the Burnenville sweep during practice for the Belgian Grand Prix at Spa-Francorchamps and was severely injured in what was to be one of the darkest weekends in the history of Formula One. He missed 3 races and did not race for most of that year. He recovered sufficiently to return to competition late in the year and won the season-ending U.S. Grand Prix at Riverside, California.

For the 1961 F1 season, which was run under the new 1.5-litre rules, Enzo Ferrari rolled out his state-of-the-art "sharknose" Ferrari 156 with an all-new V6. Moss was stuck with an underpowered Climax-engined Lotus, but managed to win the 1961 Monaco Grand Prix by 3.6 seconds (beating the 156s of Richie Ginther, Wolfgang von Trips, and Phil Hill), and later also the partially wet 1961 German Grand Prix. Some observers have noted that, while taking nothing away from Moss' superlative performances in these races, there were other factors at play. At Monaco, the tight circuit negated the horsepower advantage of the powerful but heavy and ill-handling Ferraris; and at the Nürburgring, Moss and manager Ken Gregory made a risky but inspired decision to fit rain tyres on the Lotus after a pre-race shower had soaked the track. Had the skies cleared and the track dried, the decision would have been disastrous for Moss. When rain returned, Moss was able to drive away from Hill and Trips (while nursing rapidly deteriorating tyres) to take the win.

In 1962, Moss was badly injured in a crash at Goodwood in a Lotus in the Glover Trophy. The accident put him in a coma for one month and partially paralyzed the left side of his body for six months. He recovered but decided to retire from racing after a private test session in a Lotus 19 the next year. During this session, he lapped a few tenths slower than before, and did not feel he had the command of the car to which he was accustomed. Many racing and medical observers have speculated that Moss simply tried to return too soon — that another six months of recovery and training would have allowed him to regain most of the physical acuity that distinguished him. He made a brief comeback in the British Touring Car Championship in 1980 with Audi alongside Martin Brundle, and in recent years has continued to race in historic cars, racing his OSCA FS372 during the 2009 season.

During his career, Moss drove a private Jaguar, and raced for Maserati, Vanwall, Cooper, and Lotus, as well as Mercedes-Benz. He preferred to race British cars, stating, "Better to lose honourably in a British car than win in a foreign one". The British cars were often uncompetitive and this was considered the reason he never won the drivers' championship. At Vanwall, he was instrumental in breaking the German/Italian stranglehold on F1 racing (as was Jack Brabham at Cooper). Moss remained the most successful English driver in terms of wins until 1991 when Nigel Mansell overtook him, after competing in many more races.

On 9 June 2011 during the Le Mans Legends qualifying session Sir Stirling Moss announced his retirement from racing to listeners on Radio Le Mans.

Complete Formula One World Championship results

(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position; races in ''italics'' indicate fastest lap)

! Year

! Entrant

! Chassis

! Engine

! 1

! 2

! 3

! 4

! 5

! 6

! 7

! 8

! 9

! 10

! 11

! WDC

! Points

Hersham and Walton Motors>HW Motors

! Hersham and Walton Motors

Alta Straight-4

bgcolor="#CFCFFF"

! NC

! 0

rowspan="3"

Hersham and Walton Motors>HW Motors

! Hersham and Walton Motors

Alta Straight-4

bgcolor="#EFCFFF"

NC

0

English Racing Automobiles>ERA Ltd

! English Racing Automobiles

Bristol Straight-6

bgcolor="#EFCFFF"

bgcolor="#EFCFFF"

bgcolor="#EFCFFF"

! Connaught Engineering

! Connaught Engineering

! [[Lea-Francis Straight-4

bgcolor="#EFCFFF"

rowspan="2"

! Connaught Engineering

! Connaught Engineering

! [[Lea-Francis Straight-4

bgcolor="#CFCFFF"

NC

0

! Cooper Car Company

! Cooper Car Company

Alta Straight-4

bgcolor="#EFCFFF"

bgcolor="#CFCFFF"

bgcolor="#CFCFFF"

rowspan="2"

Alfred Moss>Equipe Moss/AE Moss

[[Straight-6">Maserati in motorsport

!rowspan="2"

[[Straight-6

bgcolor="#FFDF9F"

bgcolor="#EFCFFF"

bgcolor="#EFCFFF"

13th

4 1/7

Maserati in motorsport>Officine Alfieri Maserati

bgcolor="#EFCFFF"

bgcolor="#CFCFFF"

bgcolor="#EFCFFF"

Mercedes-Benz Motorsport>Daimler Benz AG

! Mercedes-Benz Motorsport

Mercedes-Benz Straight-8

bgcolor="#DFFFDF"

bgcolor="#CFCFFF"

bgcolor="#DFDFDF"

bgcolor="#DFDFDF"

bgcolor="#FFFFBF"

bgcolor="#EFCFFF"

Maserati in motorsport>Officine Alfieri Maserati

! Maserati in motorsport

Maserati Straight-6

bgcolor="#EFCFFF"

bgcolor="#FFFFBF"

bgcolor="#FFDF9F"

bgcolor="#DFFFDF"

bgcolor="#EFCFFF"

bgcolor="#DFDFDF"

bgcolor="#FFFFBF"

rowspan="2"

Maserati in motorsport>Officine Alfieri Maserati

! Maserati in motorsport

Maserati Straight-6

bgcolor="#CFCFFF"

Vanwall>Vandervell Products Ltd

Vanwall Vanwall 57>57

! Vanwall Straight-4

bgcolor="#EFCFFF"

bgcolor="#FFFFBF"

bgcolor="#DFFFDF"

bgcolor="#FFFFBF"

bgcolor="#FFFFBF"

rowspan="2"

! Rob Walker Racing Team

! Cooper Car Company

Climax Straight-4

bgcolor="#FFFFBF"

Vanwall>Vandervell Products Ltd

Vanwall Vanwall 57>57

! Vanwall Straight-4

bgcolor="#EFCFFF"

bgcolor="#FFFFBF"

bgcolor="#EFCFFF"

bgcolor="#DFDFDF"

bgcolor="#EFCFFF"

bgcolor="#EFCFFF"

bgcolor="#FFFFBF"

bgcolor="#EFCFFF"

bgcolor="#FFFFBF"

rowspan="2"

! Rob Walker Racing Team

! Cooper Car Company

Climax Straight-4

bgcolor="#EFCFFF"

bgcolor="#EFCFFF"

bgcolor="#EFCFFF"

bgcolor="#FFFFBF"

bgcolor="#FFFFBF"

bgcolor="#EFCFFF"

! British Racing Partnership

! British Racing Motors

BRM Straight-4

bgcolor="#000000" style="color: #ffffff"

bgcolor="#DFDFDF"

rowspan="2"

Rob Walker Racing Team

!

bgcolor="#FFDF9F"

! [[Team Lotus

bgcolor="#FFFFBF"

bgcolor="#DFFFDF"

bgcolor="#FFFFFF"

bgcolor="#000000" style="color: #ffffff"

bgcolor="#FFFFBF"

rowspan="4"

[[Rob Walker Racing Team">Cooper Car Company

!rowspan="2"

bgcolor="#FFDF9F"

! [[Team Lotus

bgcolor="#FFFFBF"

bgcolor="#DFFFDF"

bgcolor="#FFFFFF"

bgcolor="#000000" style="color: #ffffff"

bgcolor="#FFFFBF"

rowspan="4"

[[Rob Walker Racing Team

! [[Team Lotus

!rowspan="4"

bgcolor="#FFFFBF"

bgcolor="#DFFFDF"

! [[Team Lotus

bgcolor="#CFCFFF"

bgcolor="#EFCFFF"

bgcolor="#EFCFFF"

bgcolor="#FFFFBF"

bgcolor="#EFCFFF"

! [[Team Lotus

bgcolor="#EFCFFF"

! [[Ferguson Research Ltd.

bgcolor="#000000" style="color: #ffffff"

Non-Championship results

(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in ''italics'' indicate fastest lap)

! Year

! Entrant

! Chassis

! Engine

! 1

! 2

! 3

! 4

! 5

! 6

! 7

! 8

! 9

! 10

! 11

! 12

! 13

! 14

! 15

! 16

! 17

! 18

! 19

! 20

! 21

Rob Walker Racing Team

!

bgcolor="#DFFFDF"

bgcolor="#CFCFFF"

bgcolor="#FFFFBF"

bgcolor="#CFCFFF"

bgcolor="#FFFFBF"

bgcolor="#FFFFBF"

! [[Cooper Car Company

bgcolor="#EFCFFF"

! [[Ferguson Research Ltd.

bgcolor="#FFFFBF"

UDT Laystall Racing Team">Team Lotus

!rowspan="4"

bgcolor="#DFFFDF"

bgcolor="#CFCFFF"

bgcolor="#FFFFBF"

bgcolor="#CFCFFF"

bgcolor="#FFFFBF"

bgcolor="#FFFFBF"

! [[Cooper Car Company

bgcolor="#EFCFFF"

! [[Ferguson Research Ltd.

bgcolor="#FFFFBF"

UDT Laystall Racing Team

!

bgcolor="#FFFFBF"

bgcolor="#FFFFBF"

bgcolor="#DFDFDF"

bgcolor="#DFDFDF"

1962

UDT Laystall Racing Team">Team Lotus

bgcolor="#EFCFFF"

bgcolor="#FFFFBF"

bgcolor="#FFFFBF"

bgcolor="#DFDFDF"

bgcolor="#DFDFDF"

1962

UDT Laystall Racing Team

! Team Lotus

Climax V8

bgcolor="#CFCFFF"

bgcolor="#EFCFFF"

: ''† Indicates shared drive with Hans Herrmann and Karl Kling. : ''* Indicates shared drive with Cesare Perdisa. : ''‡ Indicates shared drive with Tony Brooks. : ''џ Indicates shared drive with Maurice Trintignant, no points scored.

; Note

1955; Champion: Juan Manuel Fangio (40 points, Gap: 17 points)

1956; Champion: Juan Manuel Fangio (30 points, Gap: 3 points)

1957; Champion: Juan Manuel Fangio (40 points, Gap: 15 points)

1958; Champion: Mike Hawthorn (42 points, Gap: 1 point)

1959; Champion: Jack Brabham (31 points, Gap: 5.5 points)

1960; Champion: Jack Brabham (43 points, Gap: 24 points)

1961; Champion: Phil Hill (34 points, Gap: 13 points)

After his racing career

In recent years, Moss has been an outspoken critic of Michael Schumacher, but in October 2006 Moss ranked Schumacher joint fourth (with Tazio Nuvolari) in the pantheon of all-time great drivers, behind Juan Manuel Fangio, Ayrton Senna and Jim Clark.

On June 9th 2011, during the qualifying session for the Le Mans Legends race, for which he was entered as a driver, Stirling Moss announced his retirement from driving.

Honours

In 1990, Moss was inducted into the International Motorsports Hall of Fame.

In the New Year Honours 2000 List, Moss was made a Knight Bachelor for services to Motor Racing. On 21 March 2000, he was knighted by Prince Charles, standing in for the Queen who was on an official visit to Australia. As Moss drove his Mercedes away from Buckingham Palace after the ceremony, he was stopped by a palace guard who joked: "Who do you think you are? Stirling Moss?" Moss smiled and replied "Sir Stirling Moss, actually."

In June 2005, while appearing at the Goodwood Festival of Speed, Moss signed the bonnet of his 1955 Mille Miglia winning Mercedes-Benz 300 SLR which was to be its last year of public appearances it made over numerous years, before retiring to the newly built Mercedes-Benz museum in Stuttgart.

He received the 2005 Segrave Trophy.

In 2006, Moss was awarded the FIA gold medal in recognition of his outstanding contribution to motorsport.

In December 2008, McLaren Mercedes unveiled their final model of the Mercedes-Benz SLR McLaren. The model has been named in honour of Stirling Moss, hence, Mercedes McLaren SLR Stirling Moss, which has a top speed of with wind deflectors instead of a windscreen.

His 80th birthday, on 17 September 2009, fell on the eve of the Goodwood Revival, Lord March celebrated Stirling's birthday by having the 80/80 parade on each of the three days of the Revival, comprising 80 cars, one for each of his 80 years. Stirling drove different cars on each of three days, the Mercedes W196 Monoposto, the Lotus 18 he had used to win the 1961 Monaco GP, and the Aston Martin DBR3.

On 7 March 2010 Moss broke both ankles, broke four bones in a foot, chipped four vertebrae and suffered skin damage in an accident at his home when he fell down a lift shaft. Moss has now recovered from his injuries and made an appearance at the 2010 British Grand Prix at Silverstone, presenting Lewis Hamilton with his 2nd place trophy on the podium and appearing in a pre-race interview with the BBC pundits.

Moss' biography

In 1963, noted motorsports author and commentator Ken Purdy published a biographical book entitled ''All But My Life'' about Stirling Moss (first published by William Kimber & Co., Ltd., London), based on material gathered through interviews with Moss.

Popular culture

For many years during and after his career, the rhetorical phrase "Who do you think you are, Stirling Moss?" was supposedly the standard question all British policemen asked speeding motorists. Moss relates he himself was once stopped for speeding and asked just that; he reports the traffic officer had some difficulty believing him. People in Britain continue to use 'Stirling Moss' as a nickname for family and friends who are known to be faster than usual behind the wheel.

As related in the book ''The Life and Times of Private Eye'', Moss was the subject of a less than respectful cartoon biography in the magazine ''Private Eye''. The cartoon, drawn by Willie Rushton, showed him continually crashing, having his driving licence revoked and finally "hosting television programmes on subjects he knows nothing about". It also made reference to the amnesia Moss suffered from as a result of head injuries sustained in the crash at Goodwood in 1962. According to the book, Moss responded by offering to buy the original of the cartoon, an outcome the book describes as "depressingly common" for its satirical cartoons about famous people.

In March 1958, Moss was a guest challenger on the TV panel show "What's My Line?" (episode with Anita Ekberg).

Moss was one of the celebrities who made cameo appearances in the 1967 version of the James Bond film ''Casino Royale''. He played Evelyn Tremble's (Peter Sellers) chauffeur.

Moss is the narrator in the popular children's series ''Roary the Racing Car'' which stars Peter Kay.

He is one of the few drivers of his era to create a brand from his name for licensing purposes, which was launched when his website was revamped in 2009 with improved content.

Moss is narrator in official 1988 Formula One season review along with Tony Jardine.

Quotes

"I certainly had an appreciation of the danger which to me was part of the pleasure of racing. To me now racing is - the dangers are taken away: if it's difficult, they put in a chicane. So really now the danger is minimal - which is good, because people aren't hurt. But for me the fact that I had danger on my shoulder made it much more exciting. It's rather like if you flirt with a girl, it's more exciting than paying for a prostitute, because while you know you're gonna get it, the other one you don't. And I think with driving a motor car, the danger is a very necessary ingredient. Like if you're cooking, you need salt. You can cook without salt, but it doesn't have the flavour. It's the same with motor racing without danger. For me."

''On older drivers'': "You don't know how many years they've driven causing accidents! I'm not quite as urgent as I was... I know that my knowledge of road signs, there's some that I might not know which I should know... The other thing I find as I get older I'm less inclined to check the oil and check the tyres and so on which is very important,"

Driving Ban

In April 1960, Moss was found guilty of dangerous driving and given a £50 fine and a twelve month ban after an incident near Chetwynd, Shropshire whilst Moss was test driving a Mini.

See also

Mille Miglia

International Motorsports Hall of Fame

Juan Manuel Fangio

References

External links

Sir Stirling Moss - Official Web Site

Grand Prix History - Hall of Fame, Stirling Moss

Alfred Moss - his father racing at Brooklands, Sir Stirling Moss is now the president of the Brooklands Society.

Sir Stirling Moss at Silverstone 2009

Sir Stirling Moss at Silverstone 2010

Stirling Moss profile at The 500 Owners Association

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